What capabilities does passive AMD encompass?

Passive Air and Missile Defense (AMD) focuses on measures that protect forces and facilities without relying on active engagement with incoming threats. This strategy includes various techniques aimed at minimizing vulnerability to enemy attacks.

Concealment involves hiding or camouflaging assets to avoid detection by hostile surveillance systems, making it harder for an enemy to target them effectively. Hardening refers to reinforcing structures or systems to withstand impacts from potential strikes, thus increasing their resilience against both kinetic and non-kinetic threats.

While detection and engagement, surveillance and reconnaissance, and offensive maneuvers are important elements of overall air defense systems, they fall under active or proactive AMD strategies rather than passive methods. The correct emphasis on concealment and hardening reflects the core principles of passive AMD, which prioritize protection without direct confrontation. This understanding enhances strategic planning and operational effectiveness in air defense scenarios.